Predictions about economic recovery in global resources markets are plentiful - unfortunately, they are not particularly consistent. The only certainty about when and how recovery will occur and what recovery will look like is that it is uncertain. Hourly speculations about the factors that affect commodity prices (or speculations about the factors themselves) are fuelling a price volatility that is increasingly divorced from the underlying fundamentals. Right now commodity prices are less about the economic fundamentals of supply and demand and more about addressing financial' market requirements, geopolitical concerns and the climate change imperative. The impact of all of this on Canada's energy sector has been profound, far reaching and unprecedented. What the industry looked like in 2014 is not what the industry looks like today, nor what the industry will look like tomorrow. The changes are many and varied and this article examines three of them: firstly, the flight of resource capital from Canada, secondly, the redefinition of the junior resources sector, and finally, the closing of the current window of opportunity to become a player in global LNG markets.

Investment capital takes flight

Investment dollars in Canada's energy sector are moving south. Canadian products are constrained by a lack of access to markets outside Canada. The US, once our customer, is now our largest competitor. Obtaining approval of new energy infrastructure projects in Canada, particularly pipelines, has become increasingly difficult; with the result being that access to more lucrative global and international markets is constrained. Until such access becomes available, Canadian products will continue to be subject to a discount on already low global and North American commodity prices.

In the meantime, investors and companies looking for growth in the energy sector have started to reallocate their investment capital from Canada's energy sector into international markets. Encana Corporation started looking south in 2014 with its US$3.lbn Eagle Ford acquisition, and since that time, its acquisition of additional US natural resources assets and its disposition of significant Canadian resources assets. And it hasn't looked back. In August 2015, Canada Pension Plan Investment Board, a significant investor in Canada's energy sector, acquired US based Antares Capital for US$12bn. In September 2015, Emera Inc., an energy and services company headquartered in Halifax, Nova Scotia, acquired TECO Energy, a US energy related company, for approximately US$lO.4bn, reducing its Canadian assets to only 23 percent of its portfolio. In February 2016, Fortis Inc, a leader in the electric and gas utility business, acquired ITC Holdings Corp., a US based energy infrastructure company, for approximately $US Il.3bn in furtherance of its stated objectives to possess significant growth assets. In March 2016, Trans Canada Corporation completed its acquisition of Columbia Pipeline Group for approximately $US13bn acquiring (rather than constructing) additional pipeline assets to grow its business. Finally, in September 20 16, Canadian based Enbridge Inc. and US based Spectra Energy Corp. agreed to combine in a US$28bn stock deal to create the largest energy infrastructure company in North America fulfilling Enbridge's stated objective of diversifying and expanding its sources of growth beyond 2019.

By contrast, big deals in Canada, other than Suncor Energy Inc.'s acquisition of additional oil sands assets from two of its joint venture partners in the Syncrude oil sands project, have been few and far between.

Intermediate is the new junior

In prior years, Canada depended on its vibrant junior oil & gas sector to accelerate recovery from down markets. All that was needed was readily available capital from banks and a capable and experienced management team. In today's environment, that no longer works. Players in the junior sector have been disproportionately affected by the low-price commodity environment. Cash flow from operations is often insufficient to meet operating expenses and drilling programmes have been significantly cut back. Reserve values and reserves are both decreasing - not only as a result of lower commodity prices but also as a result of lack of investment. Canadian banks are suffering losses and looking at ways to reduce their exposure to the energy sector. At the end of each quarter, junior and intermediate exploration and production companies are seeing a reduction in the borrowing bases for their reserve based lending facilities, further exacerbating their financial woes. Since reserve based lending is the most critical source of capital for junior exploration and production companies, the inability to finance operations from that source of debt capital has had a significant impact on the junior sector. The cost to 'start small' is just too high. And the 'reward', at least for North American private equity investment in the junior oil & gas sector in Canada, is just too small

In this environment, most junior players do not have the financial ability to participate in the current unconventional resources growth plays in western Canada, like the Montney shale. These plays are capital intensive and drilling programmes are technologically complicated and challenging. New industry realities mean that 'juniors' will need to be bigger, stronger and more financially sound if they want to attract funding from the sources of capital that are available to them.

Closing the blinds on LNG in Canada – almost

One of the biggest missed opportunities for Canada is the development of a globally competitive liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry along British Columbia's west coast. This is as much a result of the global resource meltdown as the inability of Canadian companies to obtain regulatory approval of large scale infrastructure projects. In 2014 there were more than 20 proposed LNG projects for up to 250 mtpa of LNG capacity being proposed along British Columbia's west coast. By the end of 2014 and throughout 2015, several projects were deferred or cancelled. Two promising large scale projects were set to make a final investment decision in 2016 - Shell Canada sponsored 'LNG Canada', a joint venture with China National Petroleum Corporation, Mitsubishi Corporation and Korea Gas Corporation for up to a four train 24 mtpa LNG project; and the Petronas led 'Pacific Northwest LNG Project' , a joint venture among Progress Energy Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Petronas, Sinopec, JAPEX, Indian Oil Corporation and Petroleum Brunei for up to an 18 mtpa LNG project.

The LNG Canada project was the farthest project along in terms of regulatory approvals. However, in February 2016 LNG Canada announced that it would delay a final investment decision until the end of 2016 to ensure that the project was economically viable in the current environment. In July 2016, Shell announced that the final investment decision planned for the end of 2016 would be deferred to an indeterminate future date.

The Pacific Northwest LNG project is the last remaining large scale LNG project that has yet to be deferred or cancelled. The proponents made a conditional final investment decision in 2015 pending receipt of federal environmental approval. After several regulatory delays, the project received federal environmental approval of its project on 28 September 2016. However, despite the earlier conditional final investment decision, the future development of this project is uncertain. There are 190 conditions attached to the federal environmental approval, including the first ever maximum cap on C02 emissions. Petronas has stated that in light of the 190 conditions and the current economic climate, it will review the project to determine whether it remains economically feasible before it makes a final investment determination.

The global energy industry generally, and the Canadian energy industry in particular, has seen very significant structural and cyclical changes in a very short period of time. Unfortunately, the long-term implications will only truly be understood in hindsight

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