Seyfarth Synopsis: Plaintiffs secure a second judgment in a federal website accessibility lawsuit while most of the others successfully fended off motions to dismiss.
2018 has been a bad year for most businesses that have chosen to fight website accessibility cases filed under Title III of the ADA. Plaintiffs filing in federal court secured their second judgment on the merits in a website accessibility lawsuit, bringing the federal court judgment score to 2-0 in their favor. Additionally, in twenty-one cases where defendants filed early motions to dismiss, judges have allowed eleven to move forward. While a forty percent dismissal rate doesn't seem bad, most of the cases that were dismissed had a common set of unique facts that most defendants don't have. Below is a rundown of the most noteworthy 2018 cases and trends.
At the end of August, Southern District of Florida Judge Marcia Cooke issued the second judgment on the merits in a federal court website accessibility lawsuit and it was in favor of the plaintiff. (The first judgment was in the Winn Dixie case after a bench trial.) Judge Cooke held on summary judgment that retailer GNC's website violated the ADA because the evidence in the record "suggests that the Website is inaccessible." The court cited to the plaintiff's expert's testimony and automated test results to reach this conclusion, and excluded the testimony of the GNC's expert based on his lack of qualifications. Judge Cooke refused to order a remedy at the summary judgment phase, but said that she found "highly persuasive the number of cases adopting WCAG 2.0 Success Level AA as the appropriate standard to measure accessibility."
In June, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that a prior private settlement of a website accessibility lawsuit in which the defendant had made a commitment to make its website more accessible did not moot a subsequent lawsuit brought by another plaintiff against the same defendant. The Court reasoned that the website remediation work was not yet complete, and the second plaintiff had sought other relief that was not addressed by the settlement. The Court also noted that if the defendant failed to comply with its settlement obligations, the second plaintiff would have no recourse since it was not a party to the prior settlement agreement.
In July, the Eleventh Circuit became the second federal appellate court to explicitly address whether the ADA covers websites. The Court found that the plaintiff had stated an ADA claim against the defendant because the alleged barriers on its website prevented him from accessing the goods and services of its stores. Specifically, the blind plaintiff alleged that he could not access the store locator function or purchase a gift card online using his screen reader software. This case does have a silver-lining for defendants with web-only businesses though: The Eleventh Circuit's analysis followed prior precedent holding that a public accommodation is a physical place, and plaintiffs seeking to bring ADA claims about inaccessible websites must show that a barrier on the website prevented them from enjoying the goods and services of that physical place. This puts the Eleventh Circuit mostly in line with the Ninth Circuit which has held that websites with no nexus to a physical place are not covered by the ADA, and is the only other federal appellate court to have ruled on the issue.
In eleven other decisions, district court judges in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Florida and Michigan allowed website accessibility cases to move forward into discovery, rejecting defendants' requests for early dismissal. In most of these cases, the judges rejected the arguments that requiring businesses to make their websites accessible to people with disabilities in the absence of legal standards or regulations is a denial of due process, and that courts should not address website accessibility claims until the Department of Justice issues regulations.
In August, Judge Schwab of the Western District of Pennsylvania issued a pointed decision against a retailer because he found the aggressive tactics of its defense lawyer to constitute bad faith. Specifically, after receiving a demand letter from the plaintiffs who later filed in Pennsylvania, the retailer filed a pre-emptive lawsuit in Utah against the plaintiffs seeking declaratory relief concerning their website-related obligations under the ADA, and asserting state law claims of negligent representation, fraud, fraudulent non-disclosure, and civil conspiracy. When the plaintiffs then filed their lawsuit in Pennsylvania, the retailer filed a motion to dismiss based on, among other things, the "first filed" rule which gives the court in the later filed action discretion to dismiss the latter case to avoid duplicative litigation and promote judicial comity. Judge Schwab said he did not have to apply the "first filed" rule where there was evidence of bad faith by defense counsel, and also said he would consider sanctions if defense counsel tried this forum-shopping tactic again in future cases. Judge Schwab further held that the ADA covers websites and allowed the case to move forward in Pennsylvania. Meanwhile, the lawsuit in Utah is still pending after the defense attorney in question withdrew from the case and the retailer filed a First Amended Complaint.
The positive decisions for defendants this year have come from judges in Virginia, Florida, and Ohio. Judges in Virginia and Ohio dismissed six lawsuits against credit unions about their allegedly inaccessible websites because the plaintiff was not eligible to join the defendant credit unions. These are fairly unique facts that most defendants defending website accessibility suits will not have, however.
There were four pro-defendant rulings in Florida, but one has been reopened because of the Eleventh Circuit's holding that a prior settlement does not moot a subsequent lawsuit, discussed supra. In the second Florida case, Judge Gayles of the Southern District of Florida dismissed an ADA lawsuit because the plaintiff had not alleged that barriers on the website impeded his access to a physical place of public accommodation. In the third case, Judge Presnell of the Middle District of Florida dismissed a case because the plaintiff had not alleged that he really intended to return to the location and lacked standing. In the fourth case, Judge Presnell said that "alleging the mere existence of some connection or link between the website and the physical location is not sufficient." Judge Presnell distinguished "an inability to use a website to gain information about a physical location" versus "an ability to use a website that impedes access to enjoy a physical location" and said the former is not sufficient to state a claim. The judge dismissed the case because the plaintiff's allegations were about obtaining information, not impeding access.
The takeaway from these recent decisions is that — while the defense strategy for every website accessibility lawsuit must be evaluated on its own set of facts — most courts are not willing to dismiss these cases early except in limited circumstances. Thus, defendants looking to fight must be prepared to go through discovery and at least summary judgment, if not trial.
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