Executive Summary. As most home care agencies know, the United States Department of Labor ("USDOL") eliminated the companionship exemption for home care agency workers on October 13, 2015 in its Final Rule on the Application of the FLSA to Domestic Service Workers ("Final Rule"). What they may not have considered, however, is that following the Final Rule, the NYS Domestic Workers Bill of Rights, which originally only applied to home care workers directly employed by individual households, now also applies to agency employed home care workers. For NYC agencies, in particular, coming into compliance with Domestic Workers Bill of Rights requires changes to the benefits they provide to their home care workers.
Paid Leave Requirements
Until October 13, 2015, when the USDOL's Final Rule went into effect, NYC home care agencies' paid leave policies were only required to comply with the paid sick day requirements under Earned Sick Time Act (ESTA) (effective April 1, 2014, except for unionized agencies, which were exempted until their collective bargaining agreements expired). Now, NYC home care agencies have to comply with both ESTA and the NYS Domestic Workers Bill of Rights ("DWBR").
DWBR requires that home care workers of eligible home care agencies be given 3 paid "days of rest" if they have been employed with the agency for at least one year and averaged 30 or more hours of work per week. Part-time workers receive fewer days, depending on their average hours worked.
ESTA separately requires that home care workers of eligible home care agencies be provided up to 40 hours of paid sick leave annually. Fortunately, ESTA has special provisions for workers covered by DWBR that effectively allow agencies to credit the paid time given under DWBR toward ESTA's 40 hour requirement: under ESTA, home care agencies are only required to provide 2 days of sick leave to full-time home care workers (and, consistent with DWBR provisions, less time for part-time workers).
In sum, a NYC home care agency must offer its home care workers at least 5 days of paid time off (3 days of rest under DWBR and 2 sick days under ESTA) if they (i) are employed for at least one year; (ii) worked 30 or more hours per week, on average, during the previous year; and (iii) work more than 80 hours per calendar year in NYC.
Accrual and Use Requirements of Paid Leave
DWBR, unfortunately, is silent on accrual and use limitations home care agencies may impose. The New York State Department of Labor ("NYSDOL") has issued FAQs advising agencies that paid days of rest are due to the worker at the beginning of the calendar year. For home care workers who have not yet been employed for a full year by the first day of the calendar year, the agency must transition the employee's benefits by providing a pro rata share of days of rest on the one-year anniversary of employment and then providing the full allotment on the first day of the next calendar year. According to these FAQs, agencies cannot require that workers use days of rest in periods of less than one day, and any unused earned days of rest must be paid at the end of each year and at separation of employment. The NYSDOL FAQs also indicate that a "day" is to be paid at the worker's regular rate of pay for the average number of hours in his or her normal workday.
ESTA, apparently trying to harmonize its requirements with those of DWBR, requires that additional sick time under ESTA be "calculated" in the same manner as days of rest under DWBR, but does not answer whether many of its other nuanced requirements will give way to the provisions under DWBR.
Weekly Day of Rest
DWBR also entitles home care workers to a 24-hour (consecutive) period "of rest" each week, which it recommends be coordinated with the worker's traditional day for religious observance. If the home care worker waives this entitlement and accepts work on that day, he or she must be paid at the worker's overtime rate for all hours worked on this day, whether or not the worker's total hours for the week exceed 40.
What questions does the new application of DWBR raise for NYC home care agencies?
- How many hours constitutes a "day" if your home care workers work shifts of varying lengths, including 24-hour shifts?
- Do home care agencies have to allow their workers to take sick time in 4-hour increments, when that is not required by DWBR?
- May a home care agency implement different notice or scheduling requirements for the use of days of rest under DWBR and sick days under ESTA?
- If a home care agency's collective bargaining agreement has not yet expired, and therefore ESTA does not apply, how should the agency plan to implement current DWBR and future ESTA requirements?
- If a home care agency had not yet provided any paid days of rest or sick days to its home care workers for 2015, how much time is the agency required to provide retroactively to its workers for 2015?
- May a home care agency choose to rollover workers' sick days rather than pay out at the end of the year, as allowed under ESTA, but not allowed for days of rest under the DWBR?
- If a home care agency is providing extra paid time off in addition to DWBR time, what are "best practices" and how should they be written in a paid time off provision in an employee handbook?
The Bottom Line
ESTA and DWBR combine to create a statutory minimum for paid time off available to home care workers. However, the interplay between the two laws is not yet well-defined and agencies should be careful to implement a paid time off policy that complies with the different requirements of both laws.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.
