European Union: ECJ Rules Public Access To Beneficial Ownership Information Invalid

Public access to information on the beneficial owners of companies and certain other entities ("In-Scope Entities") in Luxembourg (and other EU member states) will be greatly restricted after a recent ruling by the European Court of Justice ("ECJ").

Background

Consistent with the position across the EU, since 2019, access to information on the beneficial owners of In-Scope Entities formed in Luxembourg has been available on an unrestricted basis to the public in a central register of beneficial ownership.

Pursuant to the EU's fourth anti-money laundering directive (as amended) ("4MLD")¹, each EU member state is required to put in place a central register of beneficial ownership ("Ownership Register") with the aim of increasing the transparency of ownership of In-Scope Entities.

The introduction of publicly accessible Ownership Registers gave rise to concerns from an invasion of privacy perspective. While the legislation permitted beneficial owners to apply for restriction of public access in certain cases, such requests were often rejected by the authorities.

ECJ Judgment

On 22 November 2022, the ECJ ruled² that the legal provision whereby information on the beneficial ownership of In-Scope Entities is accessible in all cases to any member of the general public is invalid. The ECJ found that the provision excessively infringed certain fundamental rights under the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, namely the right to respect for private life and to the protection of personal data. The ECJ ruled that unrestricted public access to the Ownership Registers constituted an infringement of individuals' rights in a way that went further than was strictly necessary and which was not proportionate to the objective of the Ownership Registers in fighting money laundering and terrorist financing.

Implications

While last week's ruling by the ECJ will have implications for public access to Ownership Registers, the access rights of regulated entities and public authorities to the Ownership Registers will not be altered.

Legitimate Interests Grounds

The ECJ ruling will require that open public access to beneficial ownership information of In-Scope Entities, as prescribed under 4MLD, will need to be reassessed, and a change in the law may be expected.

While it is only speculation at this point, the outcome may be that public access to the Ownership Registers could be adjusted to more closely align with the corresponding terms which apply to accessing information on the beneficial ownership of trusts, that is, requiring that access by a member of the public should be on the basis of a demonstrable legitimate interest.

Footnotes

1. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32015L0849

2. https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2022-11/cp220188en.pdf

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